Production of phosphate fertilisers in Morocco: Impacts and decision-making
Phosphate, a sedimentary rock rich in minerals, is processed to produce Phosphorus Pentoxide (P₂O₅), a crucial nutrient for plant growth. The demand for this element is expected to increase significantly in the upcoming years due to rapid population growth and a decline in available arable land per capita. Morocco plays a vital role in global food security, as the country controls approximately 70% of the world's phosphate rock reserves. However, intense mining and large-scale fertiliser production have substantial environmental costs.
This study investigates the impact across the entire supply chain, focusing on energy, water, and carbon emissions, aiming to fill the gap in existing literature, which addresses the topic from distinct perspectives. The quantitative assessment is initiated with a material flow analysis, followed by calculations of energy consumption, emissions, and water footprint at each stage of production.
Following identification of key issues, the research suggests a three-pillar approach. First, reviewing the best available technologies and solutions. Second, conducting a water-energy trade-off analysis with a focus on the transportation system, comparing the pipeline to the railway network in a four-scenario study. Results highlight the pipeline as a profitable economic model, environmentally friendly if the facility is powered by clean energy, and socially acceptable if water is obtained from non-conventional sources. Third, developing a causal loop diagram to illustrate the complexity of decision-making towards strategic transitions within the business.
These findings lay the foundation for an “Introduction to a Phosphate Fertilisers Sustainability Framework”, which provides structured guidelines for better management of phosphorus fertilisers. These instructions advocate for the promotion of agility, embracing a collaborative mindset, involving value creation for all stakeholders, and monitoring progress consistently.
Key words: Phosphate Fertilisers, Sustainability, Food Security, Energy, Water, Emissions, Strategy, Decision-Making